原谅我急功近利的心情，我还是先看重点吧（12-40章），前面的10章简直就是在扯淡，比我还会扯。闲的时候再看，毕竟看完这本书还要刷题。
在接下来的文章中我用“LBH12”代表“Little Brown Handbook”英文版第12版
Even for a native English speaker, if you want to improve your communication, making the rules(gramma) conscious and learning the language for them can help.
在开始本章之前，先介绍一下gramma checker和spell checker，这个一般word都有，写作的时候一定要记得打开。但是我在写文章的时候一般用$latex$ ，就没有注意到这一点。我觉得以后写文章的时候可以把$latex$ 生成的放到网上或者word中检查一下。另外我还有一次惨痛的教训，又一次我写审稿意见的时候直接在notepad中写的，保罗直接说，你交上来的文档中竟然有这么多最基本的语法和拼写错误！
好，接下来进入主题，这一章讨论的是句子结构。
理解句子基本结构
- 找主语（subjects）和谓语（predicates）
- 找名词和动词
撇号（’）是apostrophe
讲到了名词的复数和所有格的变法。同时还提到了名词前面可以加冠词（articles or determiners），这是很多人经常犯的错误，这里进行总结。
名词前加a, an, 和 the （Use a, an, and the where they are required.）
- 可数名词单数
A or an precedes a singular count noun when the reader does not already know its identity, usually because you have not mentioned it before.
The precedes a singular count noun that has a specific identity for the reader, for one of the following reasons:
- You have mentioned the noun before.
- You identify the noun immediately before or after you state it.
- The noun names something unique—the only one in existence.
- The noun names an institution or facility that is shared by the community of readers.
The is not used before a singular noun that names a general category
注意这里我没有给出具体例子，但是具体例子非常值得一看，让你理解上面的点，具体例子在“LBH12”的345页，如果未来有时间我可以把例子也补上。
- 可数名词复数
A or an never precedes a plural noun. The does not precede a plural noun that names a general category. The does precede a plural noun that names specific representatives of a category.
- 不可数名词
A or an never precedes a noncount noun. The does precede a noncount noun when it names specific representatives of a general category
- 专有名词
A or an never precedes a proper noun. The generally does not precede a proper noun.
- 例外
There are exceptions, however. For instance, we generally use the before plural proper nouns (the Murphys, the New England Patriots) and the names of groups and organizations (the Department of Justice, the Sierra Club), ships (the Lusitania), oceans (the Pacific), mountain ranges (the Alps), regions (the Middle East), rivers (the Mississippi), and some countries (the United States, the Netherlands)
比如说我们学校，前面就是有The的。
既然区分可数不可数以及专有名词，接下来我们对这个也做一些小结，内容在”LBH12”的第344页。
名词分类
- 专有名词
Names a particular person, place, or thing and begins with a capital letter: February, Joe Allen, Red River. Most proper nouns are not preceded by determiners.
- 可数名词
Names something that is countable in English and can form a plural: girl/girls, apple/apples, child/children. A singular count noun is always preceded by a determiner; a plural count noun sometimes is.
- 不可数名词
Names something not usually considered countable in English and so does not form a plural. A noncount noun is sometimes preceded by a determiner. Here is a sample of noncount nouns, sorted into groups by meaning:
- Abstractions: confidence, democracy, education, equality, evidence, health, information, intelligence, knowledge, luxury, peace, pollution, research, success, supervision, truth, wealth, work
- Food and drink: bread, candy, cereal, flour, meat, milk, salt, water, wine
- Emotions: anger, courage, happiness, hate, joy, love, respect, satisfaction
- Natural events and substances: air, blood, dirt, gasoline, gold, hair, heat, ice, oil, oxygen, rain, silver, smoke, weather, wood
- Groups: clergy, clothing, equipment, furniture, garbage, jewelry, junk, legislation, machinery, mail, military, money, police, vocabulary
- Fields of study: architecture, accounting, biology, business, chemistry, engineering, literature, psychology, science
如果不知道名词是可数还是不可数，查字典！
书中推荐了几个有用的在线字典：Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary.
小结
真是有意义的一天啊~ 第12章之看到了b节，但是就学习到了a，an，the的用法！有空做一下348页的练习。
顺便推荐下笑来老师的新书《人人都能学英语》